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Present-Day Bathhouse Row1

Long known as the American Spa, Hot Springs National Park is a world-renowned destination due to the abundance of natural hot springs found in the area. In fact, the park boasts a staggering 47 springs that spurt forth almost one million gallons of virtually 100 percent pure hot spring water each day at a temperature of 147°F (64°C). For thousands of years people have flocked to the springs eager to rejuvenate themselves in the thermal waters, leading many to consider the area America's First Resort. During the 1800s, widespread popularity of the springs led to the development of traditional bath houses, making the Hot Springs area one of the most favored spa destinations in North America. Today, Hot Springs is the only American city that is found within a national park, making it a truly unique destination. Not only does Hot Springs National Park feature a wide range of historic attractions for visitors to explore, the park also makes an excellent home base when participating in the abundance of outdoor activities available in the area. It is important to note that since the park is located within and adjacent to the city of Hot Springs, the two are often referred to interchangeably. However, Hot Springs National Park is more specifically the protected and historic area of the city of Hot Springs.

HISTORY

	Downtown Hot Springs National Park2

For nearly 10,000 years, American Indian tribes have flocked to the thermal hot springs found in what is present day Arkansas. Celebrated for their soothing powers, the springs have long been considered a spiritual haven in which numerous American Indian tribes could congregate without conflict. In 1541, Spain's foremost American explorer of the time, Hernando DeSoto, came across the springs and reveled in the supposed rejuvenating and healing powers that the water possessed. After DeSoto's visit, Europeans were drawn to the springs, which consequently increased in popularity over the following centuries.

In the early to mid-1800s, the Hot Springs area became a first-class resort destination for those seeking the alleged health-giving waters. As a result, several full-service bathhouses were established on what is now named Bathhouse Row. Hot Springs, which was appropriately dubbed the American Spa, soon attracted the wealthy wishing to treat ailments ranging from rheumatism to circulatory dysfunction.

What To Expect at a Bathhouse Visitors to Hot Springs National Park can still partake in a traditional bathhouse experience, yet many are unsure of what this actually consists of. At the Buckstaff Bath House, which is the only remaining operational bathhouse in the park, men and women have separate floors, just as it was in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Most visits to the bathhouse include a 20-minute soak in a thermal tub, 10 to 20 minutes with a hot pack, a 10-minute Sitz bath (a bath where only the hips and buttocks are soaked), a couple of minutes in a steam cabinet and a two-minute rinse in a needle shower (a cooling shower that sprays water from all angles). Some visitors also opt for a full-body Swedish massage. A number of packages are offered, and other spa services are also available. Appointments are not accepted at the Buckstaff Bath House. Modern spa treatments are also available at other facilities in the city of Hot Springs, including at some of the larger hotels.

On April 20, 1832, Congress realized that in order to preserve the springs they must be protected and, as a result, the Hot Springs Reservation was founded. From then on, the springs flowing from Hot Springs Mountain were sheltered from overuse and exploitation. It is interesting to note that Hot Springs National Park is the oldest area currently found in the National Park System, although it did not officially become a National Park until March 4, 1921, after a congressional name change. Yellowstone National Park retains the title as the oldest national park since it was designated as such in 1872.

By the late 1800s, the bathhouses in Hot Springs rivaled those found in Europe. Those who could afford five-star service stayed in large, luxurious accommodations that featured top-of-the-line bathhouses, while less affluent spa enthusiasts visited smaller, less extravagant establishments. Eventually, the government offered freebathing for those without ample funds, provided the patient had a doctor's note.

In the early 1900s, Hot Springs became known for its progressive health techniques, many of which accompanied the traditional bathing experience. When prescribing baths to their patients, some doctors also advised them to undergo hydrotherapy and electro-therapy treatments. A variety of therapeutic regiments were available at the spas, including the Sitz bath, the needle shower, the Scotch Douche and electric baths, where low amp electrodes were sent through the bathwater in order to increase body tone and relieve stress.

Today, Hot Springs National Park protects eight historic bathhouses on Bathhouse Row that were used during the late 1800s and early 1900s. This area has been declared a National Historic Landmark District, as it houses the most prized collection of bathhouses in North America.

Month Avg. Daily Temperature Average Precip. Min Max Jan 30°F (-1°C) 51°F (11°C) 94 mm Feb 33°F (1°C) 57°F (14°C) 100 mm Mar 41°F (5°C) 66°F (19°C) 135 mm Apr 49°F (9°C) 74°F (23°C) 135 mm May 58°F (14°C) 81°F (27°C) 163 mm Jun 66°F (19°C) 89°F (32°C) 128 mm Jul 70°F (21°C) 94°F (34°C) 106 mm Aug 68°F (20°C) 94°F (34°C) 78 mm Sep 62°F (17°C) 87°F (31°C) 103 mm Oct 50°F (10°C) 76°F (24°C) 132 mm Nov 40°F (4°C) 63°F (17°C) 160 mm Dec 32°F (0°C) 53°F (12°C) 132 mm

Climate data from the Southeast Regional Climate Center

CLIMATE

Hot Springs National Park is a fine destination year-round. With four distinct seasons and a relatively mild climate, the city is a popular spot for outdoor enthusiasts. The park boasts minimal snowfall in the winter and an average annual rainfall of 54 in (1372 mm), with the rainiest months being April and May. From December through March, the average daytime maximum temperatures range from 51°F (11°C) to 66°F (19°C), while the average minimum evening temperatures range from 30°F (-1°C) to 41°F (5°C). The spring and summer months boast much warmer temperatures, with June, July and August being the hottest months. During this time, daytime maximums range from 89°F (32°C) to 94°F (35°C).

TRANSPORTATION

Hot Springs National Park is conveniently located in south-central Arkansas, just an hour's drive southwest of Little Rock. A number of large centers surround the park making it an easily accessible destination. Memphis, Tennessee, is a mere 192 mi (309 km) drive east of the park, while Tulsa, Oklahoma, is 244 mi (393 km) to the northwest. Visitors from Dallas, Texas, can easily embark on a weekend getaway to the park, as the drive is only 283 mi (455 km) to the northeast.

Some visitors arrive in Hot Springs by air. Direct flights leave from the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport on Mesa Airlines, while others fly to the Little Rock National Airport and take the 49 mi (79 km) drive to the park. Seven airlines service Little Rock, making it a convenient place to fly into from around the United States.

Stained Glass Ceiling in the Hot Springs National Park Visitor Center3

Once in Hot Springs, transportation in and around the city is easy. Most of the attractions are a short walk or drive away. Horse-drawn carriages are available for tours of Bathhouse Row and a trolley ride is also a great way to see historic Hot Springs. Of course, as in any city, taxi and rental car services are also offered.

ACCOMMODATIONS

As the city of Hot Springs is located within and adjacent to the national park, accommodation options are extensive. Visitors can stay in charming bed and breakfast properties, opt for luxurious hotel suites or enjoy nature from a local campground. One of the most popular spots is the Arlington Resort Hotel & Spa, a historic hotel that once was a popular retreat for the infamous American gangster, Al Capone. A myriad of chain hotels are also available, including many that are close to the park gates. Gulpha Gorge is the only campground located within the park, but there are several others located in and around the city of Hot Springs.

ATTRACTIONS

In-Park Attractions

Hot Springs National Park Visitor Center & Bathhouse Row
The Hot Springs National Park Visitor Center, located in the former Fordyce Bathhouse, is also home to a four-story museum. Visitors can explore the many rooms and exhibits preserved in the center, including the Men's Bath Hall, which features a stunning stained glass ceiling entitled Neptune's Daughter, that is made up of over 8,000 pieces of glass. Rooms once used for massage, mechanical therapy and hairdressing remain untouched, and visitors also enjoy viewing the bowling alley, music room and gymnasium. Tours of the museum are self-guided, but guided tours can be arranged in advance.

	The Grand Promenade4

Bathhouse Row is also a must-see when visiting Hot Springs National Park. This National Historic Landmark District features eight beautifully preserved bathhouses that were built between 1892 and 1923. Bathhouse Row is considered to be the greatest collection of bathhouses found in the United States. Located on Main Street, visitors enjoy strolling down the row and taking in the unique architectural style of the bathhouses. The Buckstaff Bath House is a great place to be pampered, as it is the only remaining operational bathhouse located within Hot Springs National Park. The bathhouse opened its doors in 1912 and continues to offer traditional treatments in the therapeutic hot spring water.

The Grand Promenade
Considered to be one of the most scenic trails in Arkansas, the Grand Promenade is a one-third-mile-long brick path that runs parallel to Bathhouse Row. Lined with trees and flowers, the path provides access to a number of scenic overlooks and also offers a peek of the protected springs. Picnicking is a popular pastime on the Grand Promenade, which is accessible from the Visitor Center and also from Fountain Street.

Historic Fordyce Bathhouse & Visitor Center5

Hot Springs Mountain Tower
Originally built in 1877, Hot Springs Mountain Tower has been reconstructed three times, with the latest tower opened to the public in 1983. Standing 216 ft (66 m) in height, the tower is a great way to see Hot Springs National Park and the surrounding area. In fact, on a sunny day visitors can reportedly see 140 mi (225 km) from the panoramic observation deck. Other sites that can be viewed from Hot Springs Mountain Tower are the mountains in the Ouachita National Forest and the Diamond Lakes region. The tower is located atop Hot Springs Mountain and there is an admission charge to ascend to the top.

Recreational Activities
Hot Springs National Park is an outdoor adventurer's paradise. Approximately 26 mi (42 km) of day-use hiking trails are found within the park, offering spectacular views of the Ouachita Mountains. Hikers appreciate that mountain bikes are not permitted on the trails. Popular routes include those found on the West Mountain and the Hot Springs Mountain Trails. Other recreational activities in and around the park include camping, fishing, horseback riding, year-round water sports, golfing and crystal mining in nearby Mount Ida, Arkansas.

Out-of-Park Attractions

Since Hot Springs National Park is surrounded by the city of Hot Springs, many popular attractions are found within minutes of the park gates. Garvan Woodland Botanical Gardens draws visitors to its 210-acre (85-ha) world-class botanical garden. Featuring a number of themed gardens with plants from around the world, the garden also boasts unique architectural structures, waterfalls and streams.

	Garvan Woodland Botanical Gardens6

Magic Springs Theme Park and Crystal Falls Water Park whets the adventurer's appetite, as it features dozens of hair-raising rides and a 350,000-gallon wave pool.

Featuring Arkansas' largest year-round fish and reptile exhibit, the National Park Aquarium is home to tropical fish, saltwater fish, lizards, amphibians, rare frogs and other creatures, all presented in a near-natural habitat. The highlight of the aquarium is a 120 lb (54 kg) alligator snapping turtle named Ugly Turtle (U.T.). A gift shop is also located on the premises.

Visitors are amazed by the lifelike wax figures that are found within the Josephine Tussaud Wax Museum. Depicting over 100 figures in seven different themed areas, this museum boasts displays on celebrities, royalty, religion, medieval times and more, making it a destination that entertains visitors of all ages. The museum is open year-round and also houses a souvenir shop.

Many visitors enjoy spending a day at Oaklawn Park, which features live thoroughbred racing from February through April and simulcasts from around the nation from April through January.

Events

Hot Springs Music Festival
Every June, Hot Springs National Park comes alive during the Hot Springs Music Festival. Over 250 international musicians take the stage in a collaborative effort to perform over 20 concerts and 250 open rehearsals. Several types of music are highlighted during this two-week event, including chamber, orchestral and chamber opera. The festival takes place in a variety of venues, including historic buildings, churches, open-air spaces, art galleries and more.

Hot Springs Jazz Fest
The park is abuzz during the annual Hot Springs Jazz Fest, which occurs in September. This weekend event features performances by world-class jazz musicians on a number of stages. Art, poetry and ethnic foods are also a highlight of this exciting festival.

The Bath House Show
Featuring family-friendly entertainment every Tuesday and Saturday, (as well as at additional times during the summer season), the Bath House Show offers comedy and musical entertainment inspired by the last six decades. The show takes place in historic downtown Hot Springs National Park. Get there early as the 300-seat theater fills up fast.

Bathhouse Row in 19027

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PHOTO COURTESY

1. NPS; Hot Springs National Park; Present-Day Bathhouse Row; Hot Springs, AR, USA
2. National Park Service; Downtown Hot Springs National Park; Hot Springs, AR, USA
3. NPS; Hot Springs National Park; Stained Glass Ceiling in Visitor Center; Hot Springs, AR, USA
4. NPS; Hot Springs National Park; The Grand Promenade; Hot Springs, AR, USA
5. NPS; Hot Springs National Park; Historic Fordyce Bathhouse & Visitor Center; Hot Springs, AR, USA
6. Wendy Dunn; Garvan Woodland Botanical Gardens; Hot Springs, AR, USA
7. National Park Service Historic Photograph Collection; Bathhouse Row in 1902; Hot Springs, AR, USA